tooth staining
Staining on the teeth is very common, and seems to affect men more commonly than women. Some people naturally have slightly yellow or grey teeth, but this does not necessarily mean that they are not healthy.
What causes tooth stains?
There are two main types of tooth stain: extrinsic staining on the surface of the teeth, and intrinsic staining within the structure of the tooth.
Extrinsic stains may be caused by:
- Poor oral hygiene - plaque stuck on the teeth can turn yellow
- Foods and drinks, such as tea, coffee, red wine and colas, plus berries, curry and fried foods
- Iron tablets may leave black marks
- Some antibiotics, especially tetracycline
- Mouthwashes containing the antibacterial chlorhexidine
Intrinsic stains may be caused by:
- Fluoride in toothpaste and fluoride drops - causing both brown stains and white flecks
- Older people can develop brown staining on the teeth as the enamel wears thin
- The use of tetracycline antibiotic in children with developing teeth (aged 3-12 years old) can cause horizontal brown and grey striping of the enamel surfaces.
Combination stains:
- Smoking can cause a combination of surface and, over the long term, intrinsic staining of the tooth structure
- Tooth decay can cause both intrinsic and extrinsic staining
Are staining and discolouration the same thing?
Discolouration is slightly different from staining, but occurs, for example, when a filling bleeds within the tooth, changing its colour; or if the nerve in the tooth dies and bleeds into the root canal. Erosion or wear of the tooth can also cause discolouration.
What can I do about tooth staining?
Extrinsic staining affects the surface of the teeth, so it is relatively straightforward to remove with a thorough oral hygiene programme of brushing and flossing. You can also have your teeth professionally cleaned to remove any plaque and debris that are causing staining.
Whitening toothpastes may be effective in removing stains, but they do not remain in contact with the teeth for long enough to lighten their colour.
Intrinsic staining will not rub off and, if a cosmetic improvement is required, porcelain veneers or crowns (caps) may be required.
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